The Americans side recorded only seven wounded soldiers, without any casualties. By August, the Philippine capital was fully under the Americans. On May 19, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, having granted an audience with American Consul General Edward Spencer Pratt hurriedly returned to the Philippines, issuing a proclamation urging the Filipinos the resume the revolution against Spain, with Pratt's assistance.
On the 12th of June, , Aguinaldo declared the Philippines' independence from the Spanish rule from the balcony of his house in Kawit, Cavite. The war commenced with a few more battles and eventually, on July 16, Spain surrendered its troops of 23, around the city of San Juan in Cuba. Finally, both sides proceeded to sign a peace treaty in Paris in December 10, marking the end of Spain's rule over its colonies and the recognition of United States as a global military power.
The Treaty of Paris August 12, — the Protocol of Peace directed five commissioners each from the American and Spanish parties to meet in Paris to discuss peace terms between the opposing countries. Aguinaldo sent Felipe Agoncillo as the representative of the revolutionary government of the Philippines; however, President McKinley refused to recognize him.
Following this, the commission met again from October to December , agreeing that the Spanish colonies, including the Philippines, must be given up to the Americans. The treaty was signed without Filipino representation. The Treaty of Paris contained thirteen articles stating the conditions, obligations and benefits that both countries will enjoy over the ceded islands.
The Philippine-American War After the Spanish-American war, the Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo have most of the territories in Luzon, proclaiming the establishment of the independent Philippine Republic.
When the Republic has confirmed that US forces are indeed after colonizing the Philippines, the prior battles of disagreement and confusion between the two sides have evolved into what we now know as the Philippine-American War, in The war knew one of the most recognized Filipino generals and strategists, Antonio Luna.
Antonio was a bright student, receiving his first bachelor's degree in Arts, from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in He continued his academics in the University of Sto. Tomas, pursuing chemistry, music, and literature studies. Persevering more to further his studies, Antonio traveled to Spain, joining his brother Juan who was studying painting there.
In , he earned a licentiate in Pharmacy at the Universidad de Barcelona, followed by a doctorate from the Universidad Central de Madrid. He further studied bacteriology and histology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Because of a well-received paper on malaria, Luna was appointed by the Spanish government to a post as a specialist in communicable and tropical diseases in He also studied the art of war, military tactics, fencing, and became a sharpshooter.
Luna and the Revolution Within the same year, Antonio went back to the motherland, where he fought for and won the position of Chief Chemist in the Municipal Laboratory in Manila. There, with his brother Juan, Antonio established a fencing society they called Sala de Armas. During one of their sessions, the Luna brothers were approached and persuaded to join the secret society of Katipunan, but they refused the offer. Using this nom de plume, he wrote Impressions, a piece which described Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies.
He drew a revolver, but before he could use it was seized by Aguinaldo's guards, and one of them, named Ney, stabbed him several limes. General Luna's aid. Colonel Ramon, who was near him. Luna and Ramon both died a few : minutes after being stabbed. It is said Luna had become so importunate in his demands on Aguinaldo for power and increased author-!
Fencing, Revolution and Politics While juggling all his scientific research, Luna also opened a fencing club in Manila, and this is when his focus shifted. He learned about the secret societies that existed in hopes of starting a Philippine revolution to gain independence from Spain.
One such society was called the Katipunan, which had begun in Though he did not think the Filipinos were prepared to stage an actual revolution, his name became linked with the Katipunan, an anti-Spanish revolutionary society.
When the Katipunan was discovered in , Luna and his brother Juan were arrested and put in jail in Fort Santiago. Juan was later released, but Antonio was exiled to Spain in and put in prison in Madrid. Juan worked to have his brother released. However, his release was granted with the condition that Antonio not leave Spain, by which he did not abide. During his time in prison he had decided to join the revolution and, after studying military science and strategy in several European cities, he returned to the Philippines in July Therefore, the revolution did not directly kill him, and rather he was assassinated as a result of the revolution.
Luna was fond of his wife. However, the jealous Luna frequently accused Paz of having an affair with a certain Monsieur Dussaq. Finally in a fit of jealousy, he shot the door wherein his wife was behind. Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Luna, together with his aide Col. Paco Roman, was killed. Luna suffered over 30 wounds from bolos, bayonets and bullets.
A lesser man would have died instantly from half of his wounds, but the general was able to stagger out of the building, cursing his murderers, before falling lifeless on the church patio.
In , Gen. Antonio Luna John Arcilla faces resistance from his own countrymen as he fights for freedom during the Philippine-American War. Table of Contents.
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