However, taking ibuprofen during early pregnancy has been linked to higher risks of birth defects. If taken close to the time of conception, ibuprofen increases the risk of miscarriage. A Canadian study found that women who had prescriptions for NSAIDs filled during the first three months of pregnancy were twice as likely to have a baby with any birth defect diagnosed in the first year and three times as likely to have a baby with a structural defect.
These include cleft palate and an opening in the wall separating the left and right sides of the heart. Need Pregnancy Insurance? We've got you covered. Mild pain is a common side effect. While back pain can occur throughout pregnancy, it is usually worse in the late stages when the baby is heavier, and the centre of gravity moves forward, changing the posture. The pain can be sharp, jabbing or a dull ache on both sides of the lower abdomen and groin area.
Ligament pain is one of the most common complaints during pregnancy. Ligaments supporting the growing uterus stretch and thin during the second trimester of pregnancy. The muscle relaxer hormone progesterone causes the stomach valve also to relax and allow acid into the oesophagus. Understanding the risks involved in taking painkillers during pregnancy are difficult as pregnant women are usually precluded from clinical trials.
A study of 7, pregnant women in Britain has found a link between the use of paracetamol during pregnancy and children with behavioural problems at the age of seven. Published in the JAMA Paediatrics journal in , the study asked women to record their use of paracetamol at 18 weeks and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Researchers found there was an increased risk of a behavioural problem if the drug was taken at 18 and 32 weeks and an increased risk of emotional problems if the drug was taken at 32 weeks.
An Australian specialist pharmacist and researcher said the results were not enough of a reason for pregnant women to stop taking paracetamol to treat pain and fever as the risk was minimal.
The survey result amounts to one to two extra cases of behavioural problems in every births linked to paracetamol.
There is some clinical and animal evidence that some infections at certain times during pregnancy can cause neurological disorders. It can be argued that these infections are to blame for the behavioural problems, not the drug. It is also not known if an untreated fever could cause more harm to a foetus. More research is needed to gain definitive answers. An earlier Danish study tracking 64, women found a similar correlation between paracetamol use and ADHD-like behaviour and hyperkinetic disorders a severe form of ADHD in children.
Research published in the Reproduction journal found male mice exposed to paracetamol in the womb were less likely to mate. The males had a smaller number of neurons in the brain connected to sexual behaviour. Differential reporting by the pregnant women was also avoided, as their pregnancy outcome was unknown to most of them at the time of data collection.
In contrast to many other large studies, the chances of obtaining false positive associations due to multiple testing were reduced by including a minimum number of cases more than four in the final analysis.
On the other hand, a difference in the prevalence of drug use and pregnancy outcomes in the study population compared with the general population may have occurred, as participant response rate was only Despite this, the risk of false negative associations due to underrepresentation of certain sociodemographic groups, possible underreporting of codeine use during pregnancy, and the rarity of some pregnancy outcomes such as major malformations, should be taken into account.
Analyses on specific malformations could not be undertaken due to low statistical power. It was also not feasible to determine the codeine dose pregnant women used and the exact point in time it was taken. In conclusion, the fact that codeine use during pregnancy had no effect on infant survival or congenital malformation rate is particularly reassuring considering the size and singularity of this cohort study and the accuracy of pregnancy outcome reporting.
We found an association between codeine use anytime during pregnancy and planned Cesarean delivery and between third-trimester codeine use and acute Cesarean delivery and excessive postpartum hemorrhage. Whereas the increased risk of Cesarean delivery, in particular, may be caused by underlying medical conditions, a direct association between codeine use toward the end of pregnancy and acute Cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage cannot be definitively excluded.
We are grateful to all participants and their families for taking part in this study. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Published online Jun 9. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Received Jan 24; Accepted May This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Background Guidelines on codeine safety during pregnancy rely on small studies with inconsistent results, and associations between codeine use during pregnancy and increased risk of congenital malformations remain unsubstantiated. Objectives Our objective was to analyze the effect of codeine on pregnancy outcome.
Methods Pregnancy outcomes of 2, women who used codeine during pregnancy were compared with 65, women who used no opioids during pregnancy. Results No significant differences were found in the survival rate [adjusted odds ratio OR 0. Conclusions No effects of maternal codeine intake during pregnancy were observed on infant survival or congenital malformation rate.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article doi Keywords: Codeine, Delivery complications, Pregnancy outcome. Introduction Few studies address the safety of codeine use during pregnancy despite its extensive use as an analgesic and antitussive in the general population. Study population The original quality-assured data file released for research in version 4 consisted of data on 72, women.
Table 1 Maternal characteristics of the study population. Open in a separate window. Table 3 Frequency of concomitant nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and psychotropic agent use during pregnancy. Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratios OR for pregnancy outcome in women who used codeine during pregnancy compared with the unexposed control group. Statistical analysis Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant associations between codeine therapy and pregnancy outcome.
Results Of the 67, pregnant women in the study, 2, 3. Table 2 Maternal health and pregnancy complications. Discussion Information on the safety of analgesic use during pregnancy is an important issue for all clinicians prescribing these drugs to pregnant women. Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the ESM. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited. References 1. Prescription drug use in pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol. Prescription drug use among fathers and mothers before and during pregnancy.
They found those women who used more than one painkiller simultaneously, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, had a seven-fold increased risk of giving birth to sons with some form of undescended testes, or cryptorchidism, compared to women who took nothing. The second trimester - 14 to 27 weeks of pregnancy - appeared to be a particularly sensitive time.
Any analgesic use at this point in the pregnancy was linked to more than double the risk of cryptorchidism. Of the individual painkillers, ibuprofen and aspirin use were linked with a quadrupled risk. Paracetamol alone also appeared to raise the risk, although this result was not statistically significant.
Simultaneous use of more than one painkiller, including paracetamol, during the second trimester increased the risk fold. Taking painkillers for more than two weeks at a time also appeared to raise the risk significantly. What if I have been taking more codeine than recommended by my healthcare provider or have an opioid use disorder?
Studies have found that people that are pregnant and who misuse or abuse opioids have an increased chance for pregnancy problems. These include poor growth of the baby, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and the need for C-section. Some people who misuse opioids have other habits that may result in health problems for themselves and their pregnancy.
For example, poor diet can lead to not having enough nutrients to support a healthy pregnancy and could increase the chance of miscarriage and preterm birth. Codeine breaks down into morphine in the body and can get into breast milk, usually in only small amounts. However, in some people codeine breaks down faster and to a greater extent than in other people.
Some babies might have problems with the amounts of medication in the breast milk. There are case reports of codeine use in breastfeeding that have described babies being very sleepy, having trouble latching on, having breathing problems, slowed heart rate, and not getting enough oxygen. Other reports describe the use of codeine while breastfeeding without any reported problems in the nursing babies. In , the U. If you are using any opioid, talk to your healthcare provider about how to use the least amount for the shortest time and how to monitor watch your baby for any signs of concern.
Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions. Males: I take codeine. Can it make it harder for me to get my partner pregnant or increase the chance of birth defects? There have not been studies to see if using codeine could affect fertility.
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