There are discussions about the categorization process, explicit versus implicit biases and what mediates and moderates those biases. On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport.
Malden, MA: Blackwell. The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. London: SAGE.
An edited collection useful for students and researchers that covers the processes, expression, and consequences of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, as well as ways to reduce them at individual and societal levels. Fiske, Susan T. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, — New York: McGraw-Hill. In this oft-cited chapter, Fiske discusses the definitions of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination along with a brief history of their study and their cognitive and social bases and effects.
It is dense with information that is important for those researching prejudice. Nelson, Todd D. Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press. An accessible handbook that is useful for researchers who want to get acquainted with recent work on prejudice and stereotyping. It covers theoretical frameworks for the causes of prejudice and stereotyping with attention to the various characteristics of people and situations that interact to produce them.
Stangor, Charles. Stereotypes and prejudice: Key readings. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. Whitley, Bernard E. At the time, old-fashioned biases were simple: people openly put down those not from their own group. So where did they get those ideas, assuming that most of them had never met anyone from Turkey? For example, organizations that preach contempt for other races and praise for their own is an example of a blatant bias. And scarily, these blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others.
To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two personality scales next. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into his or her neighborhood. For example, researchers have found that those who score higher on SDO are usually lower than average on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethic—that hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time.
People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies police, prosecutors, business , compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations social work, public defense, psychology.
The point is that SDO—a preference for inequality as normal and natural—also predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. Understandably, the first list of groups tend to score higher on SDO, while the second group tends to score lower.
For example, the SDO gender difference men higher, women lower appears all over the world. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. Thus, those high in SDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom see Table 1. That is, RWA endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity Altemeyer, Those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons.
RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right conservatives. A subscription to J o VE is required to view this content. You will only be able to see the first 20 seconds. We recommend downloading the newest version of Flash here, but we support all versions 10 and above.
If that doesn't help, please let us know. Unable to load video. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. If the problem continues, please let us know and we'll try to help. An unexpected error occurred. Previous Video 7. As a result, one can quickly evaluate another person as a whole—as a construct of the group categorization.
However, this process can result in unfavorable biases. One kind, stereotypes , are mental beliefs that are overgeneralized to the group. For example, older adults are believed to be weaker and less competent than younger adults. Harboring a stereotype about a group can lead to prejudice —an unjustifiable attitude towards someone based on their membership in the group.
By internalizing negative stereotypes about older adults, a person may immediately dislike their new, older neighbor even before getting to know them. In many cases, an individual may not be consciously aware of their prejudices.
Instead they make automatic negative associations, which can be demonstrated through the Implicit Association Test. This computer task measures how fast someone relates members of a group with either positive or negative images and words. For instance, during one block of trials, the participant may see an image of either a young or old face.
Since people tend to feel such bias towards a group that they are unfamiliar with, they can reduce their negative attitudes by forming relationships with people from different groups.
Otherwise, prejudice—both conscious and unconscious—can fuel discrimination —a negative action toward a group and its members. For example, even if both candidates are equally qualified for a job, an employer may decide to hire the younger applicant over an older one solely based on their age.
This case is a form of ageist discrimination. While certain forms of prejudice and discrimination are culturally acceptable and continue to persist, a majority can choose to identify others for the content of their character rather than labeling them by their outer cover.
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities Tajfel, These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group. Thus, certain types of education, contact, interactions, and building relationships with members of different cultural groups can reduce the tendency toward prejudice.
In fact, simply imagining interacting with members of different cultural groups might affect prejudice. Indeed, when experimental participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group, this led to an increased positive attitude toward the other group and an increase in positive traits associated with the other group. What are some examples of social groups that you belong to that contribute to your identity? Social groups can include gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, profession, and many more.
And, as is true for social roles, you can simultaneously be a member of more than one social group. An example of prejudice is having a negative attitude toward people who are not born in the United States. Although people holding this prejudiced attitude do not know all people who were not born in the United States, they dislike them due to their status as foreigners. During the incident, Wilson directed Brown and his friend to walk on the sidewalk instead of in the street.
While eyewitness accounts vary, they agree that an altercation occurred between Wilson and Brown. Three autopsies independently confirmed that Brown was shot six times Lowery and Fears The shooting focused attention on a number of race-related tensions in the United States.
The national dialogue shifted during the next few weeks, with some commentators pointing to a nationwide sedimentation of racial inequality and identifying redlining in Ferguson as a cause of the unbalanced racial composition in the community, in local political establishments, and in the police force Bouie Redlining is the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and businesses located in predominately minority communities, while sedimentation of racial inequality describes the intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth.
Individuals with multiple ethnic backgrounds are becoming more common. Prior to the twentieth century, racial intermarriage referred to as miscegenation was extremely rare, and in many places, illegal. In the later part of the twentieth century and in the twenty-first century, attitudes have changed for the better. While the sexual subordination of slaves did result in children of mixed race, these children were usually considered black, and therefore, property.
There was no concept of multiple racial identities with the possible exception of the Creole. Creole society developed in the port city of New Orleans, where a mixed-race culture grew from French and African inhabitants. It is now common for the children of racially mixed parents to acknowledge and celebrate their various ethnic identities. While this is the trend, it is not yet evident in all aspects of our society. For example, the U. Census only recently added additional categories for people to identify themselves, such as non-white Hispanic.
A growing number of people chose multiple races to describe themselves on the Census, paving the way for the Census to provide yet more choices. To some, the Confederate flag is a symbol of pride in Southern history.
In January , two girls walked into Burleson High School in Texas carrying purses that displayed large images of Confederate flags. School administrators told the girls that they were in violation of the dress code, which prohibited apparel with inappropriate symbolism or clothing that discriminated based on race.
Why did the school ban the purses, and why did it stand behind that ban, even when being sued? Why did the girls, identified anonymously in court documents as A. The issue, of course, is not the purses: it is the Confederate flag that adorns them. In the end, the court sided with the district and noted that the Confederate flag carried symbolism significant enough to disrupt normal school activities.
If the Confederate flag is synonymous with slavery, is there any place for its display in modern society?
0コメント